Retention and Attrition during the Preparation Phase and after Start of Antiretroviral Treatment in Thyolo, Malawi, and Kibera, Kenya: Implications for Programmes?

Retention and Attrition during the Preparation Phase and after Start of Antiretroviral Treatment in Thyolo, Malawi, and Kibera, Kenya: Implications for Programmes?

By: R. Zachariah, K. Tayler-Smith, M. Manzi, M. Massaquoi, B. Mwagomba, J. Van Griensven, I. Van Engelgem, L. Arnould, E. J. Schouten, F. M. Chimbwandira, A. D. Harries
Publication: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene105 (8) (August 2011): 421–30.

Abstract

Among adults eligible for antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Thyolo (rural Malawi) and Kibera (Nairobi, Kenya), this study (1) reports on retention and attrition during the preparation phase and after starting ART and (2) identifies risk factors associated with attrition. “Retention” implies being alive and on follow-up, while “attrition” implies loss to follow-up, death or stopping treatment (if on ART). There were 11,309 ART-eligible patients from Malawi and 3,633 from Kenya, of whom 8,421 (74%) and 2,792 (77%), respectively, went through the preparation phase and started ART. In Malawi, 2,649 patients (23%) were lost to attrition in the preparation phase and 2,189 (26%) after starting ART. Similarly, in Kenya 546 patients (15%) were lost to attrition in the ART preparation phase and 647 (23%) while on ART. Overall program attrition was 43% (4,838/11,309) for Malawi and 33% (1,193/3,633) for Kenya. Restricting cohort evaluation to “on ART” (as is usually done) underestimates overall program attrition by 38% in Malawi and 36% in Kenya. Risk factors associated with attrition in the preparation phase included male sex, age <35 years, advanced HIV/AIDS disease, and increasing malnutrition. Considerable attrition occurs during the preparation phase of ART, and program evaluations confined to on-treatment analysis significantly underestimate attrition. This has important operational implications, which are discussed here.